SHORT VIDEO – The Paradox Institute
18 AUGUST 2020
The Scientific American blog article ‘Stop Using Phony Science to Justify Transphobia’ is another piece which uses the complexities of sex development and the diversity of sex differences to argue that sex is not binary. Let’s analyze the argument with peer-reviewed science.
Transcripts, sources, and membership at: https://www.theparadoxinstitute.com/p…
Read the Scientific American blog article here: https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/…
Sources:
[1] Inoubli, A., et al. (2011). Karyotyping: Is It Worthwhile in Transsexualism? The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 8(2).
[2] Sax, L. (2002). How common is lntersex? A response to Anne Fausto-Sterling. Journal of Sex Research.
[3] Gilbert, SF. (2000). Chromosomal sex determination in mammals. Developmental Biology, 6th edition. Sunderland (MA), Sinauer Associates.
[4] Kimball, J. (2020). Sex chromosomes. LibreText.org.
[5] Kashimada, K., Koopman, P. (2010). Sry, the master switch in mammalian sex determination. Development, 137.
[6] Sekido, R., Lovell-Badge, R. (2009) Sex determination and SRY, Down to a wink and a nudge. Trends in Genetics, 25(1).
[7] Matson, C., et al. (2011). DMRT1 prevents female reprogramming in the postnatal mammalian testis. Nature.
[8] Lehtonen, J., Parker, G. (2014). Gamete competition, gamete limitation, and the evolution of two sexes. Molecular Human Reproduction, 20(12).
[9] Joel, D., et al. (2015). Sex beyond the genitalia, The human brain mosaic. PNAS, 112(50).
[10] Del Guidice M., Lippa R., Puts D., Bailey D., Bailey M., Schmitt D. (2016). Joel et al.’s method systematically fails to detect large, consistent sex differences. PNAS, 113(14).
[11] Chekroud, A., et al. (2016) Patterns in the human brain mosaic discriminate males from females. PNAS Letter to Joel et al.
[12] Luo, Z., et al. (2019). Gender identification of human corticol 3-D morphology using hierarchical sparsity. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience.
[13] Ingalhalikar, M., et al. (2013). Sex differences in the structural connectome of the human brain. PNAS, 111(2).
[14] Ellis, L. (2011). Identifying and explaining apparent universal sex differences in cognition and behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 51.
[15] Schmitt, D. (2016). Sex and gender are dials, not switches. Psychology Today.
[16] Lehtonen, J. (2017). Gamete Size. Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science.
[17] Czaran, T., Hoekstra. R. (2004). Evolution of sexual asymmetry. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 4(34).
[18] Cox, P., Togashi, T. (2011). The Evolution of Anisogamy, A Fundamental Phenomenon Underlying Sexual Selection. New York Cambridge University Press.
[19] Epelman, M., et al. (2005). Anisogamy, expenditure of reproductive effort, and the optimality of having two sexes. Operations Research, 53(3).
[20] Bachtrog, D., et al. (2014). Sex determination, Why so many ways of doing it. PLOS Biology, 12(7).
[21] Jones, R., Lopez, K. (2014). Human Reproductive Biology, 4th edition. Elsevier.
[22] Wizemann, TM., Pardue ML, editors. (2001). Sex begins in the womb. Exploring the biological contributions to human health, does sex matter. Institute of Medicine.
[23] Kumar et al. (2019). Anisogamy. Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior.